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Home July 2025

China’s Working-Age Population Shrinking From 900 Million to 250 Million

China’s working-age population will shrink dramatically over the coming decades, driven by the lagged effects of the one-child policy, an aging population, and a significant decline in fertility rates—which currently stand at 1.09 births per woman, far below the 2.1 needed to maintain population size.

This decline in the working-age population will have significant implications for economic growth, the fiscal outlook due to an aging population, and investment and productivity growth.

These risks to China’s long-term outlook are, in many ways, similar to those we have seen in Japan in recent decades.

China’s working-age population will shrink dramatically over the coming decades
Sources: UN Population Forecasts, Macrobond, Apollo Chief Economist

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The Market Has a Short Memory

The narrative in bond markets today is that all-in yield levels are high. The narrative in stock markets is that it is a good strategy to buy stocks when the S&P 500 is at all-time highs.

Where are these narratives coming from? They are based on the recent performance of bond markets and stock markets: Yield levels were much lower before 2022, and stock markets continue to go higher and higher no matter what happens.

In other words, the market puts more weight on recent events in investment decisions. In short, the market has a short memory because many traders have never seen anything else.

But what if this way of investing is wrong? What if the stock market is about to enter a high inflation period similar to what we saw in the 1960s and 1970s (as shown in the chart below)? Maybe it was the period from 2009 to 2022 that was unusual in fixed income? If that is the case, then yield levels today are not high. Maybe the market today is putting too little weight on the US fiscal problems?

The bottom line is that markets will continue to hold on to yesterday’s narrative until it becomes completely clear that the narrative has changed.

The market has a short memory
Note: Returns are calculated in the S&P 500 index for the following 10 years for people investing in 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020. Annualized returns for 2020 are calculated using data from January 2020 to July 7, 2025. Sources: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist

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90% of US Power Capacity Installations Are Renewables

Clean energy is playing a bigger and bigger role in new power installations, see chart below.

More than 90% of the new energy capacity built last year was clean energy
Note: GW = Gigawatts. Sources: IRENA, Apollo Chief Economist

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Comparing Wage Growth for Job Stayers and Job Switchers

When the labor market is hot, wage growth for job switchers is higher than wage growth for job stayers, see chart below.

Today, wage growth for job switchers is lower than wage growth for job stayers, suggesting that the labor market is cooling down.

Wage growth for job switchers now lower than wage growth for job stayers
Sources: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Macrobond, Apollo Chief Economist

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The View from Apollo - A New Podcast Series

Another Chance to Position Portfolios for Tariff Turmoil?

Listen to Apollo Chief Economist Torsten Slok and Alex Wright, Global Wealth Strategist in the Client and Product Solutions Group at Apollo, analyze conditions and valuations in equity and credit markets and discuss opportunities to better position portfolios in the midst of continued tariff announcements and the prospect of more market turmoil.

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Different Retirement Systems in Europe

Retirement systems are very different across European countries. The Netherlands and Denmark together account for half of all pension savings in Europe, see chart below.

Half of all pension assets in Europe are in the Netherlands and Denmark
Note: Data for 2023. Sources: OECD, Apollo Chief Economist

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AI Bubble Today Is Bigger Than the IT Bubble in the 1990s

The difference between the IT bubble in the 1990s and the AI bubble today is that the top 10 companies in the S&P 500 today are more overvalued than they were in the 1990s, see chart below.

The AI bubble today is bigger than the IT bubble in the 1990s
Note: Data as of July 2025. Top 10 companies are by market cap. Sources: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist

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75% of Restaurant Orders Are Delivery Orders

Only 25% of meals sold by restaurants are consumed on premises. The remaining 75% are delivery orders, see chart below and here.

75% of restaurant orders are delivery orders
Sources: National Restaurant Association – From Trend to Transformation: Off-Premises Dining Now Essential for Restaurant Consumers, Operators, Apollo Chief Economist

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Japan: Negative Population Growth = More Empty Homes

One consequence of a shrinking population in Japan is that there are more and more vacant homes, see chart below.

Japan: Shrinking population pushing up the share of homes in Japan
Note: 2030 forecast based on UN population growth estimates. Sources: Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor & Welfare, United Nations Department of Economic & Social Affairs (UNDESA), Macrobond, Apollo Chief Economist

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Outlook for Public and Private Markets

Our chart book, available here, summarizes our current outlook for public and private markets.

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