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Home October 2023

Elevated P/E Ratios

Last week, retail sales came in surprisingly strong, which suggests that the US consumer is not slowing down as much as the Federal Reserve would like. This implies that the “higher for longer” theme will likely persist until inflation lowers to the Fed’s 2% target. One important development in markets recently is the difference between the seven biggest companies in the S&P500 compared to the rest of the companies in the index. At the beginning of 2023, those seven companies had a P/E ratio of around 29 each. Today, that number is nearing 50. The bottom line is that returns this year in the S&P500 have been driven almost entirely by seven stocks, and these stocks have become more and more overvalued.


This presentation may not be distributed, transmitted or otherwise communicated to others in whole or in part without the express consent of Apollo Global Management, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, “Apollo”).  

Apollo makes no representation or warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy, reasonableness, or completeness of any of the statements made during this presentation, including, but not limited to, statements obtained from third parties. Opinions, estimates and projections constitute the current judgment of the speaker as of the date indicated. They do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of Apollo and are subject to change at any time without notice. Apollo does not have any responsibility to update this presentation to account for such changes. There can be no assurance that any trends discussed during this presentation will continue.   

Statements made throughout this presentation are not intended to provide, and should not be relied upon for, accounting, legal or tax advice and do not constitute an investment recommendation or investment advice. Investors should make an independent investigation of the information discussed during this presentation, including consulting their tax, legal, accounting or other advisors about such information. Apollo does not act for you and is not responsible for providing you with the protections afforded to its clients. This presentation does not constitute an offer to sell, or the solicitation of an offer to buy, any security, product or service, including interest in any investment product or fund or account managed or advised by Apollo. 

Certain statements made throughout this presentation may be “forward-looking” in nature. Due to various risks and uncertainties, actual events or results may differ materially from those reflected or contemplated in such forward-looking information. As such, undue reliance should not be placed on such statements. Forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of terminology including, but not limited to, “may”, “will”, “should”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “target”, “project”, “estimate”, “intend”, “continue” or “believe” or the negatives thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology.

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Sticky Wages Keeping ECB Hawkish

It is more difficult to fire and hire workers in Europe, and the result is more rigid labor markets.

Combined with wages being more indexed to inflation, wage inflation is more sticky in Europe than in the US, see the first chart below.

Because of these structural features, the ECB has to remain hawkish even in a situation where the consensus is starting to see much weaker growth ahead in Europe, see the second chart.

Wage growth is stickier in Europe
Source: Indeed wage growth tracker, Apollo Chief Economist
Consensus is bearish on Europe
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist

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Credit Spreads Are Disconnected from Credit Yields

Higher credit yields increase corporate capital costs.

And higher cost of capital puts pressure on coverage ratios and corporate profitability.

With lower coverage ratios and lower profitability, credit risks increase, and the result is that credit spreads should go wider.

That is, however, not what is happening at the moment. The current disconnect between credit yield levels and credit spreads is significant, see chart below.

Maybe what is happening today is similar to what happened from 2003 to 2007, when yield levels kept increasing and spreads stayed very tight, see again chart below. Only when the economic data started weakening did credit spreads begin to widen.

With the Fed trying to cool down the economy to fight inflation, the risks are that credit spreads will widen once the Fed succeeds with pushing the unemployment rate higher.

Significant disconnect between yield and spread in credit
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist. Note: Index used is LUACTRUU Index.

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Credit Market Outlook

Our latest outlook for credit markets is available here, key charts inserted below.

Credit market outlook: Default rates rising, but credit spreads remain tight
Thematic credit investing
Source: Apollo Chief Economist
Table of contents
Source: Apollo Chief Economist
A default cycle has started
Source: Moody’s Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist
Global recovery rates
Source: Moody’s Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist
IG ICR coming down
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist
HY ICR coming down
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist
Bonds more attractive than equities
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist
Credit metrics for leveraged loan deals: ICR and cash flow down. Leverage up.
Source: Pitchbook LCD, Apollo Chief Economist
Rise in yields due to rising risk-free rates
Source: ICE BofA, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist
Divergence between and US and Europe lower rated junk bond spreads
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist
Corporate bond issuance
Source: SIFMA, Apollo Chief Economist
Secured HY bond issuance volume
Source: Pitchbook LCD, Apollo Chief Economist. Note: A secured bond is a bond backed by collateral.
High yield leverage rising recently
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist. Note: The lines show net leverage and total leverage for the median companies in the H0AO index.
 
Regional bank spreads have widened recently
Source: ICE BofA, Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist. Note: Unweighted average spreads of bonds from ICE 5-10 Year US Banking Index, C6PX Index for bonds issued before Jan 1, 2023. There are eight banks in the Regional index and 41 banks in the Diversified index. Regional banks include BankUnited Inc, Citizens Financial Group, Huntington Bancshares Incorporated, Regions Financial Corporation, Truist Financial Corporation, Webster Financial Corp, Wintrust Financial Corp, Zions. Diversified banks include JP Morgan, Citibank, Bank of America, etc.

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VIX for IG and HY

The CBOE has launched two new measures of implied volatility for IG and HY, and they show that credit vol has increased recently and remains above pre-pandemic levels, see chart below. These new indicators are calculated daily, and the Bloomberg tickers are VIXIG and VIXHY.

Measures of implied vol in HY and IG
Source: CBOE, Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist

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P/E Ratio for S&P7 vs S&P493

The P/E ratio for the S&P493 has fluctuated around 19 in 2023.

And the P/E ratio for the S&P7 has increased from 29 to 45, see the first chart below.

The bottom line is that returns this year in the S&P500 have been driven entirely by returns in the seven biggest stocks, and these seven stocks have become more and more overvalued.

What is particularly remarkable is that the ongoing overvaluation of tech stocks has happened during a year when long-term interest rates have increased significantly. Remember, tech companies have cash flows far out in the future, which should be more negatively impacted by increases in the discount rate.

The conclusion is that tech valuations are very high and inconsistent with the significant rise in long-term interest rates, see the second chart.

In short, something has to give. Either stocks have to go down to be consistent with the current level of interest rates. Or long-term interest rates have to go down to be consistent with the current level of stock prices.

The P/E ratio for S&P7 has in 2023 gone from 29 to close to 45
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist. Note: 12-month trailing P/E ratio used.
The stock market is disconnected from 10-year rates
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist

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US Housing Outlook

Our latest outlook for the housing market is available here, key charts below.

US housing outlook
Why is housing still doing well?
Source: Apollo Chief Economist
Leading indicators of the housing market
Fewer people listing their home for sale
Source: Redfin, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist
The total housing inventory per person continues to decline
Source: Census Bureau, FRED, Apollo Chief Economist
Fewer bidding wars
Source: NAR, Apollo Chief Economist
Higher mortgage rates not yet weighing on home price inflation
Source: American Enterprise Institute, Haver, Apollo Chief Economist
Monthly mortgage payment on a new mortgage has basically doubled since 2021
Source: Bloomberg L.P., Apollo Chief Economist (Note: Calculation of monthly payment using the 30-year purchase loan application size and the 30-year effective rate.)
Very low inventory of homes for sale
Source: Realtor.com, Apollo Chief Economist
Mortgage purchase applications very weak because of high mortgage rates
Source: Mortgage Bankers Association, Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist
Record-low number of homeowners are refinancing their mortgage at the moment
Source: Mortgage Bankers Association, Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist
Homesellers don’t want to sell their house and get new mortgage: The stock of total existing homes for sale moving down
Source: NAR, Apollo Chief Economist
Structural decline in the share of the US population moving to a new address
Source: Census CPS, Apollo Chief Economist
Traffic of prospective homebuyers negatively impacted by higher mortgage rates
Source: National Association of Homebuilders, Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist
It currently takes 8 months on average to build a single-family house
Source: Census, Haver Analytics, Apollo Chief Economist. Note: Single-family homes are one-unit buildings.

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Unemployment About to Rise Further

The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act gives 60 to 90 days advance notice in cases of plant closings and mass layoffs, and the latest data shows a significant move higher in WARN notices recently, see chart below.

In other words, the WARN data is telling us that more companies are giving advance warnings about plant closings and mass layoffs.

Running a regression using WARN notices to predict unemployment shows that initial jobless claims in October will rise over the coming weeks to a level between 250K and 300K, see chart below.

Rise in WARN notices points to a rise in jobless claims over the coming weeks
Source: Department of Labor, Haver Analytics, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Apollo Chief Economist. Note: The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act helps ensure 60 to 90 days advance notice in cases of qualified plant closings and mass layoffs. WARN factor is the Cleveland Fed estimate for WARN notices.

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Rates to Stay High

Inflation has been gradually lowering since it hit its peak of 9.1% in June 2022, but we are just not there yet as it hovers around 4%. Given this, we can expect rates to stay “higher for longer” until the Fed’s 2% inflation goal is achieved. In terms of the long-term view for rates, markets are currently pricing that the Fed funds rate will bottom at 4% in 2025 and start rising again from there. The same profile can be seen for the European Central Bank, where rates are expected to bottom at 3% and then begin to rise. Against this backdrop, investors can plan on rates being permanently higher. In other words, rates are not going back to zero, like they were from 2008 to 2020, and the cost of capital is expected to stay higher for the foreseeable future.


This presentation may not be distributed, transmitted or otherwise communicated to others in whole or in part without the express consent of Apollo Global Management, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, “Apollo”).  

Apollo makes no representation or warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy, reasonableness, or completeness of any of the statements made during this presentation, including, but not limited to, statements obtained from third parties. Opinions, estimates and projections constitute the current judgment of the speaker as of the date indicated. They do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of Apollo and are subject to change at any time without notice. Apollo does not have any responsibility to update this presentation to account for such changes. There can be no assurance that any trends discussed during this presentation will continue.   

Statements made throughout this presentation are not intended to provide, and should not be relied upon for, accounting, legal or tax advice and do not constitute an investment recommendation or investment advice. Investors should make an independent investigation of the information discussed during this presentation, including consulting their tax, legal, accounting or other advisors about such information. Apollo does not act for you and is not responsible for providing you with the protections afforded to its clients. This presentation does not constitute an offer to sell, or the solicitation of an offer to buy, any security, product or service, including interest in any investment product or fund or account managed or advised by Apollo. 

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Our monthly outlook for public and private markets is available here.

So far in 2023, S&P7 is up more than 50%. S&P493 is basically flat.
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist
The stock market is disconnected from 10-year rates
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist
Bank stocks underperforming
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist
The Fed is trying to slow down the economy and S&P500 earnings expectations are moving higher?
Source: Bloomberg, Apollo Chief Economist
Outlook for public and private markets

Recent Posts

  • The Duration Mismatch in the Banking Sector Is a Risk to Financial Stability
  • Default Rates Are Falling
  • Hybrid in Action: Delivering Bespoke Capital Solutions in a New Market Paradigm
  • Top 5 Risks in 2026
  • Swaption Volatility Remains Remarkably Low Despite Ongoing Fed Debate

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